Starting in 2nd year, this focus organizes a restricted number of highly motivated Cell and Molecular Biology Major students with an interest in Molecular Networks of the Cell. Focus students are required to complete a subset of related program courses and to participate in a learning community for the focus.
Once you have enrolled in the Cell and Molecular Biology Major program, you have the option to apply for entry into a focus. The focuses have a limited enrolment and can only accommodate a restricted number of students with a particular interest in the topic of the focus. Students can only apply for one focus. Admission will be determined with a minimum grade of 80% in BIO130H1. If the student does not achieve 80% in BIO130H1, admission can be determined with a minimum grade of 80% in BIO230H1, BIO255H1 or CSB349H1. On the application form, students must include a 300-word statement of interest regarding the topic of the focus. Statement submission instructions are in the Undergraduate program section of the CSB website, http://csb.utoronto.ca. Achieving these requirements does not necessarily guarantee admission to the focus in any given year.
Students in a focus complete the requirements of First Year, the requirements 1.-3. of Higher Years, as well as requirements 4.-7. specific to each focus.
Each year students are enrolled in a focus, they must also be an active participant in the faculty-led learning community for their focus (requirement 7.). The learning community appears as a non-credit course recognized on the co-curricular record. Students who fail to contribute to the faculty-led learning community will be removed from the focus.
This Focus is part of the Cell and Molecular Biology Major and begins with the requirements of First Year and of lines 1-3 of Higher Years of the Cell and Molecular Biology Major Program.
4. 1.0 credit from: CJH332H1, CSB327H1, CSB331H1, CSB353H1
5. 0.5 credit from: CSB427H1, CSB428H1, CSB429H1, CSB435H1, CSB451H1, CSB454H1, CSB457H1, CSB458H1, CSB459H1, CSB460H1, CSB475H1
6. 1.0 credit from: BCH422H1, BCH426H1, BCH444H1, BCH445H1, CJH332H1, CSB299Y1, CSB327H1, CSB330H1, CSB331H1, CSB353H1, CSB397Y0, CSB399Y1, CSB427H1, CSB428H1, CSB429H1, CSB435H1, CSB450H1, CSB451H1, CSB452H1, CSB454H1, CSB457H1, CSB458H1, CSB459H1, CSB460H1, CSB475H1, CSB490H1, CSB491H1, CSB497H1, CSB498Y1, CSB499Y1. No more than 0.5 credit in BCH can be used towards this requirement.
7. Molecular Network Learning Community (each year of focus enrolment)
Starting in 2nd year, this focus organizes a restricted number of highly motivated Cell and Molecular Biology Major students with an interest in Plant Genomics and Biotechnology. Focus students are required to complete a subset of related program courses and to participate in a learning community for the focus.
Once you have enrolled in the Cell and Molecular Biology Major program, you have the option to apply for entry into a focus. The focuses have a limited enrolment and can only accommodate a restricted number of students with a particular interest in the topic of the focus. Students can only apply for one focus. Admission will be determined with a minimum grade of 80% in BIO130H1. If the student does not achieve 80% in BIO130H1, admission can be determined with a minimum grade of 80% in BIO230H1, BIO255H1 or CSB349H1. On the application form, students must include a 300-word statement of interest regarding the topic of the focus. Statement submission instructions are in the Undergraduate program section of the CSB website, http://csb.utoronto.ca. Achieving these requirements does not necessarily guarantee admission to the focus in any given year.
Students in a focus complete the requirements of First Year, the requirements 1.-3. of Higher Years, as well as requirements 4.-7 specific to each focus.
Each year students are enrolled in a focus, they must also be an active participant in the faculty-led learning community for their focus (requirement 7.). The learning community appears as a non-credit course recognized on the co-curricular record. Students who fail to contribute to the faculty-led learning community will be removed from the focus.
This Focus is part of the Cell and Molecular Biology Major and begins with the requirements of First Year and of lines 1-3 of Higher Years of the Cell and Molecular Biology Major Program.
4. 1.0 credit from: CSB340H1, CSB350H1/ CSB352H1, CSB353H1
5. 0.5 credit from: CSB435H1, CSB450H1, CSB451H1, CSB452H1, CSB454H1, CSB459H1, CSB460H1, CSB471H1, CSB472H1, CSB473H1, CSB474H1, CSB475H1
6. 1.0 credit from: CSB299Y1, CSB330H1, CSB340H1, CSB350H1, CSB351Y1, CSB352H1, CSB353H1, CSB397Y0, CSB399Y1, CSB435H1, CSB450H1, CSB451H1, CSB452H1, CSB454H1, CSB459H1, CSB460H1, CSB471H1, CSB472H1, CSB473H1, CSB474H1, CSB475H1, CSB490H1, CSB491H1, CSB497H1, CSB498Y1, CSB499Y1.
7. Plant Biotech Learning Community (each year of focus enrolment)
Starting in 2nd year, this focus organizes a restricted number of highly motivated Cell and Molecular Biology Major students with an interest in Stem Cells and Developmental Biology. Focus students are required to complete a subset of related program courses and to participate in a learning community for the focus.
Once you have enrolled in the Cell and Molecular Biology Major program, you have the option to apply for entry into a focus. The focuses have a limited enrolment and can only accommodate a restricted number of students with a particular interest in the topic of the focus. Students can only apply for one focus. Admission will be determined with a minimum grade of 80% in BIO130H1. If the student does not achieve 80% in BIO130H1, admission can be determined with a minimum grade of 80% in BIO230H1, BIO255H1 or CSB349H1. On the application form, students must include a 300-word statement of interest regarding the topic of the focus. Statement submission instructions are in the Undergraduate program section of the CSB website, http://csb.utoronto.ca. Achieving these requirements does not necessarily guarantee admission to the focus in any given year.
Students in a focus complete the requirements of First Year, the requirements 1-3 of Higher Years, as well as requirements 4-7 specific to each focus.
Each year students are enrolled in a focus, they must also be an active participant in the faculty-led learning community for their focus (requirement 7). The learning community appears as a non-credit course recognized on the co-curricular record. Students who fail to contribute to the faculty-led learning community will be removed from the focus.
This Focus is part of the Cell and Molecular Biology Major and begins with the requirements of First Year and of lines 1-3 of Higher Years of the Cell and Molecular Biology Major Program.
4. 1.0 credit from: CSB328H1, CSB329H1, CSB340H1
5. 0.5 credit from: CSB427H1, CSB429H1, CSB430H1, CSB431H1, CSB483H1
6. 1.0 credit from: CSB299Y1, CSB328H1, CSB329H1, CSB340H1, CSB397Y0, CSB399Y1, CSB427H1, CSB429H1, CSB430H1, CSB431H1, CSB453H1, CSB483H1, CSB497H1, CSB498Y1, CSB499Y1.
7. Multicellularity Learning Community (each year of focus enrolment)
Starting in 2nd year, this focus organizes a restricted number of highly motivated Cell and Molecular Biology Specialist students with an interest in Molecular Networks of the Cell. Focus students are required to complete a subset of related program courses and to participate in a learning community for the focus.
Once you have been approved for and have enrolled in the Cell and Molecular Biology Specialist program, you have the option to apply for entry into a focus. The focuses have a limited enrolment and can only accommodate a restricted number of students with a particular interest in the topic of the focus. Students can only apply for one focus. Admission will be determined with a minimum grade of 80% in BIO130H1. If the student does not achieve 80% in BIO130H1, admission can be determined with a minimum grade of 80% in BIO230H1, BIO255H1 or CSB349H1. On the application form, students must include a 300-word statement of interest regarding the topic of the focus. Statement submission instructions are in the Undergraduate program section of the CSB website, http://csb.utoronto.ca. Achieving these requirements does not necessarily guarantee admission to the focus in any given year.
Students in a focus complete the requirements of First Year, the requirements 1.-3. of Higher Years, as well as requirements 4.-7 specific to each focus.
Each year students are enrolled in a focus, they must also be an active participant in the faculty-led learning community for their focus (requirement 7.). The learning community appears as a non-credit course recognized on the co-curricular record. Students who fail to contribute to the faculty-led learning community will be removed from the focus.
This Focus is part of the Cell and Molecular Biology Specialist and begins with the requirements of First Year and of lines 1-3 of Higher Years of the Cell and Molecular Biology Specialist Program.
4. 1.0 credit from: CJH332H1, CSB327H1, CSB331H1, CSB353H1
5. 1.0 credit from: CSB427H1, CSB428H1, CSB429H1, CSB435H1, CSB451H1, CSB454H1, CSB457H1, CSB458H1, CSB459H1, CSB460H1, CSB475H1
6. 2.5 credits from: BCH422H1, BCH426H1, BCH440H1, BCH444H1, BCH445H1, CJH332H1, CSB299Y1, CSB327H1, CSB328H1, CSB329H1, CSB330H1, CSB331H1, CSB340H1, CSB350H1, CSB351Y1, CSB352H1, CSB353H1, CSB397Y0, CSB399Y1, CSB427H1, CSB428H1, CSB429H1, CSB430H1, CSB431H1, CSB435H1, CSB447H1, CSB450H1, CSB451H1, CSB452H1, CSB454H1, CSB457H1, CSB458H1, CSB459H1, CSB460H1, CSB472H1, CSB473H1, CSB474H1, CSB475H1, CSB483H1, CSB490H1, CSB491H1, CSB492H1, CSB497H1, CSB498Y1, CSB499Y1, MGY441H1. No more than 0.5 credit in BCH can be used towards this requirement.
7. Molecular Network Learning Community (each year of focus enrolment)
Starting in 2nd year, this focus organizes a restricted number of highly motivated Cell and Molecular Biology Specialist students with an interest in Plant Genomics and Biotechnology. Focus students are required to complete a subset of related program courses and to participate in a learning community for the focus.
Once you have been approved for and have enrolled in the Cell and Molecular Biology Specialist program, you have the option to apply for entry into a focus. The focuses have a limited enrolment and can only accommodate a restricted number of students with a particular interest in the topic of the focus. Students can only apply for one focus. Admission will be determined with a minimum grade of 80% in BIO130H1. If the student does not achieve 80% in BIO130H1, admission can be determined with a minimum grade of 80% in BIO230H1, BIO255H1 or CSB349H1. On the application form, students must include a 300-word statement of interest regarding the topic of the focus. Statement submission instructions are in the Undergraduate program section of the CSB website, http://csb.utoronto.ca. Achieving these requirements does not necessarily guarantee admission to the focus in any given year.
Students in a focus complete the requirements of First Year, the requirements 1.-3. of Higher Years, as well as requirements 4.-7 specific to each focus.
Each year students are enrolled in a focus, they must also be an active participant in the faculty-led learning community for their focus (requirement 7.). The learning community appears as a non-credit course recognized on the co-curricular record. Students who fail to contribute to the faculty-led learning community will be removed from the focus.
This Focus is part of the Cell and Molecular Biology Specialist and begins with the requirements of First Year and of lines 1-3 of Higher Years of the Cell and Molecular Biology Specialist Program.
4. 1.0 credit from: CSB340H1, CSB350H1/ CSB352H1, CSB353H1
5. 1.0 credit from: CSB435H1, CSB450H1, CSB451H1, CSB452H1, CSB454H1, CSB459H1, CSB460H1, CSB471H1, CSB472H1, CSB473H1, CSB474H1, CSB475H1
6. 2.5 credits from: BCH422H1, BCH426H1, BCH440H1, BCH444H1, BCH445H1, CSB299Y1, CSB328H1, CSB329H1, CSB330H1, CSB331H1, CSB340H1, CSB350H1, CSB351Y1, CSB352H1, CSB353H1, CSB397Y0, CSB399Y1, CSB428H1, CSB431H1, CSB435H1, CSB450H1, CSB451H1, CSB452H1, CSB454H1, CSB458H1, CSB459H1, CSB460H1, CSB471H1, CSB472H1, CSB473H1, CSB474H1, CSB475H1, CSB483H1, CSB490H1, CSB491H1, CSB492H1, CSB497H1, CSB498Y1, CSB499Y1, MGY441H1. No more than 0.5 credit in BCH can be used towards this requirement.
7. Plant Biotech Learning Community (each year of focus enrolment)
Starting in 2nd year, this focus organizes a restricted number of highly motivated Cell and Molecular Biology Specialist students with an interest in Stem Cells and Developmental Biology. Focus students are required to complete a subset of related program courses and to participate in a learning community for the focus.
Once you have been approved for and have enrolled in the Cell and Molecular Biology Specialist program, you have the option to apply for entry into a focus. The focuses have a limited enrolment and can only accommodate a restricted number of students with a particular interest in the topic of the focus. Students can only apply for one focus. Admission will be determined with a minimum grade of 80% in BIO130H1. If the student does not achieve 80% in BIO130H1, admission can be determined with a minimum grade of 80% in BIO230H1, BIO255H1 or CSB349H1. On the application form, students must include a 300-word statement of interest regarding the topic of the focus. Statement submission instructions are in the Undergraduate program section of the CSB website, http://csb.utoronto.ca. Achieving these requirements does not necessarily guarantee admission to the focus in any given year.
Students in a focus complete the requirements of First Year, the requirements 1-3 of Higher Years, as well as requirements 4-7 specific to each focus.
Each year students are enrolled in a focus, they must also be an active participant in the faculty-led learning community for their focus (requirement 7). The learning community appears as a non-credit course recognized on the co-curricular record. Students who fail to contribute to the faculty-led learning community will be removed from the focus.
This Focus is part of the Cell and Molecular Biology Specialist and begins with the requirements of First Year and of lines 1-3 of Higher Years of the Cell and Molecular Biology Specialist Program.
4. 1.0 credit from: CSB328H1, CSB329H1, CSB340H1
5. 1.0 credit from: CSB427H1, CSB429H1, CSB430H1, CSB431H1, CSB483H1
6. 2.5 credits from: BCH422H1, BCH426H1, BCH440H1, BCH441H1, BCH444H1, BCH445H1, CSB299Y1, CSB327H1, CSB328H1, CSB329H1, CSB330H1, CSB331H1, CSB340H1, CSB350H1, CSB352H1, CSB397Y0, CSB399Y1, CSB427H1, CSB428H1, CSB429H1, CSB430H1, CSB431H1, CSB435H1, CSB450H1, CSB453H1, CSB458H1, CSB460H1, CSB472H1, CSB473H1, CSB474H1, CSB483H1, CSB490H1, CSB491H1, CSB492H1, CSB497H1, CSB498Y1, CSB499Y1. No more than one 0.5 credit in BCH can be used towards this requirement.
7. Multicellularity Learning Community (each year of focus enrolment)
(3.5 credits)
The Focus in Artificial Intelligence (Major) has the same set of requirements as the Focus in Artificial Intelligence (Specialist).
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is aimed at understanding and replicating the computational processes underlying intelligent behaviour. These behaviours include the perception of one's environment, learning how that environment is structured, communicating with other agents, and reasoning to guide one's actions. This focus is designed to provide students with an introduction to some of the key scientific and technical ideas that have been developed in AI. There are four different sub-areas of AI represented in our department: Computer Vision, Computational Linguistics, Machine Learning, and Knowledge Representation and Reasoning. These areas cover a wide variety of ideas and techniques. Students wanting to achieve this focus are required to take courses from at least two of these sub-areas (as in point 2, below).
Enrolment in the Computer Science Major Program (ASMAJ1689).
(3.5 credits)
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is aimed at understanding and replicating the computational processes underlying intelligent behaviour. These behaviours include the perception of one's environment, learning how that environment is structured, communicating with other agents, and reasoning to guide one's actions. This focus is designed to provide students with an introduction to some of the key scientific and technical ideas that have been developed in AI. There are four different sub-areas of AI represented in our department: Computer Vision, Computational Linguistics, Machine Learning, and Knowledge Representation and Reasoning. These areas cover a wide variety of ideas and techniques. Students wanting to achieve this focus are required to take courses from at least two of these sub-areas (as in point 2, below).
Enrolment in the Computer Science Specialist Program (ASSPE1689).
Enrolment in the International Relations Major is required for entry into the Focus.
Enrolment in this Focus is recommended after second year to guide choice of courses in the higher years. Please note normal course prerequisites will apply to all courses in the Focus.
Note: this Focus requires completion of a 0.5 credit or more in addition to the 7.5 credits required for the International Relations Major.
(2.5 credits)
Notes:
Enrolment in the International Relations Specialist is required for entry into this Focus.
Enrolment in this Focus is recommended after second year to guide choice of courses in the higher years. Please note normal course prerequisites will apply to all courses in the Focus.
(2.5 credits)
Notes:
(4.0 credits)
The Focus in Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing (Major) has the same set of requirements as the Focus in Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing (Specialist).
How can we build and analyze systems that enable users to communicate with computers using human language (also called natural language) and automatically process the vast amounts of data on the web available in the form of text? The focus covers appropriate material on natural language interfaces, as well as tools such as document summarization, intelligent search over the web, and so on. Students considering this focus are encouraged to consider a Major in Linguistics.
Enrolment in the Computer Science Major Program (ASMAJ1689).
Required Courses:
Suggested Related Courses:
Other relevant Computer Science courses, depending on the student's interests, include other courses in artificial intelligence such as CSC384H1 or CSC420H1. Linguistics, Psychology, and Cognitive Science are all directly relevant to this focus, and we recommend that interested students take additional courses from any or all of those disciplines.
(4.0 credits)
How can we build and analyze systems that enable users to communicate with computers using human language (also called natural language) and automatically process the vast amounts of data on the web available in the form of text? The focus covers appropriate material on natural language interfaces, as well as tools such as document summarization, intelligent search over the web, and so on. Students considering this focus are encouraged to consider a Major in Linguistics. [Note 0.5 credit in LIN is in addition to the 12.0 credits required to complete the Specialist program]
Enrolment in the Computer Science Specialist Program (ASSPE1689).
Required Courses:
Suggested Related Courses:
Other relevant Computer Science courses, depending on the student's interests, include other courses in artificial intelligence such as CSC384H1 or CSC420H1. Linguistics, Psychology, and Cognitive Science are all directly relevant to this focus, and we recommend that interested students take additional courses from any or all of those disciplines.
(3.0 credits)
Software systems are complex and interesting. Poorly done systems can be incredibly expensive: they can cost society billions of dollars and sometimes make the difference between life and death. Rapid changes in technology and applications means that the underlying systems must continually adapt. This focus takes you under the covers of software systems, laying bare the layers and introducing you to concurrency issues, scalability, multiprocessor systems, distributed computing, and more.
Enrolment in the Computer Science Major Program (ASMAJ1689).
(3.0 credits)
Software systems are complex and interesting. Poorly done systems can be incredibly expensive: they can cost society billions of dollars and sometimes make the difference between life and death. Rapid changes in technology and applications means that the underlying systems must continually adapt. This focus takes you under the covers of software systems, laying bare the layers and introducing you to concurrency issues, scalability, multiprocessor systems, distributed computing, and more.
Enrolment in the Computer Science Specialist Program (ASSPE1689).
(3.5 credits)
The Focus in Computer Vision (Major) has the same set of requirements as the Focus in Computer Vision (Specialist).
Computer vision is the science and technology of machines that can see. As a science, the goal of computer vision is to understand the computational processes required for a machine to come to an understanding of the content of a set of images. The data here may be a single snapshot, a video sequence, or a set of images from different viewpoints or provided by medical scanners.
The computer vision focus introduces students to the study of vision from a computational point of view. That is, we attempt to clearly define computational problems for various steps of the overall process, and then show how these problems can be tackled with appropriate algorithms.
Students who wish to pursue computer vision should have an understanding of linear algebra and calculus of several variables. Moreover, they should be solid programmers and have a good understanding of data structures and algorithm design. These basic tools are required in order to first pose computational vision problems, and then develop and test algorithms for the solution to those problems.
Enrolment in the Computer Science Major Program (ASMAJ1689).
Required Courses:
Suggested Related Courses:
The following are examples of topics and courses that fit naturally with a study of computational vision. The list is meant to be illustrative of the range of cognate topics, but is not necessarily complete. The ordering is alphabetical and not indicative of importance. Note: there are prerequisites for many of these courses that we do not list here.
APM462H1, COG250Y1, CSC384H1, CSC485H1, CSC486H1, ECE216H1, PHL232H1, PHY385H1, PSL440Y1, PSY270H1, PSY280H1, STA257H1/ STA261H1
(3.5 credits)
Computer vision is the science and technology of machines that can see. As a science, the goal of computer vision is to understand the computational processes required for a machine to come to an understanding of the content of a set of images. The data here may be a single snapshot, a video sequence, or a set of images from different viewpoints or provided by medical scanners.
The computer vision focus introduces students to the study of vision from a computational point of view. That is, we attempt to clearly define computational problems for various steps of the overall process, and then show how these problems can be tackled with appropriate algorithms.
Students who wish to pursue computer vision should have an understanding of linear algebra and calculus of several variables. Moreover, they should be solid programmers and have a good understanding of data structures and algorithm design. These basic tools are required in order to first pose computational vision problems, and then develop and test algorithms for the solution to those problems.
Enrolment in the Computer Science Specialist Program (ASSPE1689).
Required Courses:
Suggested Related Courses:
The following are examples of topics and courses that fit naturally with a study of computational vision. The list is meant to be illustrative of the range of cognate topics, but is not necessarily complete. The ordering is alphabetical and not indicative of importance. Note: there are prerequisites for many of these courses that we do not list here.
APM462H1, COG250Y1, CSC384H1, CSC485H1, CSC486H1, ECE216H1, PHL232H1, PHY385H1, PSL440Y1, PSY270H1, PSY280H1, STA257H1/ STA261H1
The Focus in Data Analytics (major) ensures that students gain proficiency in applied empirical economics. It provides students with hands-on exposure to the tools empirical economists use to build and analyze datasets - programming languages such as Python, and software programs to manage, statistically analyze, and visualize data such as Excel, GIS, Stata and R. The focus will also direct students to empirical economics courses that apply these tools in a wide variety of contexts.
Enrolment in the Economics Major program (ASMAJ1478) is required.
(3.0 credits)
Students in the Economics Specialist program who undertake a Focus in Data Analytics will gain advanced ability in applied empirical economics. The Focus (for specialists) provides students with hands-on exposure to the tools empirical economists use to build and analyze datasets - programming languages such as Python, and software programs to manage, statistically analyze, and visualize data such as Excel, GIS, Stata and R. The Specialist Focus will also direct students to required and elective empirical economics courses that apply these tools in a wide variety of contexts.
Enrolment in the Economics Specialist program (ASSPE1478) is required.
(5.0 credits)
This is a focus in data science in business that can be taken as part of any of the 3 specialists (Management, Accounting, and Finance & Economics) in the Rotman Commerce program. It requires taking 1.0 credit of required courses in programming and data analytics tools and then allows students to choose 1.5 credits of elective courses applying these tools to various areas in management and economics.
Enrolment in one of the following Bachelor of Commerce Specialist programs is required:
This focus requires the completion of 2.5 credits.
Alternative courses may be substituted with the prior approval of the Director, Rotman Commerce. Contact the Rotman Commerce Program office for more information.
Enrolment in the Management Specialist Program (ASSPE2431).
This Focus requires the completion of 2.5 credits.
Alternative courses may be substituted with the prior approval of the Director, Rotman Commerce. Contact the Rotman Commerce Program office for more information.
Enrolment in the Management Specialist Program (ASSPE2431).
This Focus requires the completion of 3.0 credits.
Alternative courses may be substituted with the prior approval of the Director, Rotman Commerce. Contact the Rotman Commerce Program office for more information.
(3.0 credits)
The Focus in Game Design (Major) has the same set of requirements as the Focus in Game Design (Specialist).
Video game design combines several disciplines within computer science, including software engineering, graphics, artificial intelligence, and human-computer interaction. It also incorporates elements of economics, psychology, music, and creative writing, requiring video game researchers to have a diverse, multidisciplinary set of skills.
Students who wish to pursue video game design should have an understanding of linear algebra (for computer graphics modelling), computer hardware and operating systems (for console architecture), data structures, and algorithm design. Students will gain a general knowledge of the more advanced topics listed in the courses below.
Enrolment in the Computer Science Major Program (ASMAJ1689).
(3.0 credits)
Video game design combines several disciplines within computer science, including software engineering, graphics, artificial intelligence, and human-computer interaction. It also incorporates elements of economics, psychology, music, and creative writing, requiring video game researchers to have a diverse, multidisciplinary set of skills.
Students who wish to pursue video game design should have an understanding of linear algebra (for computer graphics modelling), computer hardware and operating systems (for console architecture), data structures, and algorithm design. Students will gain a general knowledge of the more advanced topics listed in the courses below.
Enrolment in the Computer Science Specialist Program (ASSPE1689).
Consult Professor A. Dicks, Department of Chemistry.
The Focus in Green Chemistry provides students with the opportunity to emphasize green chemistry as part of any chemistry specialist or major program they are enrolled in. An understanding of green chemistry principles is integral to meeting several of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals), particularly those centered around affordable energy, climate action, clean water and sanitation, responsible consumption and production, and good well-being. As such, green chemistry broadly concerns the design and redesign of products and processes to reduce their impact on human health and the environment. This focus will be attractive to students who wish to combine courses that cover principles of toxicology, reaction metrics, safer chemicals/solvents, pollution prevention/recycling, catalysis, and energy efficiency.
Enrolment in one of the following programs is required:
(3.5 credits)
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is the scientific study of the use of computers by people and the design discipline that informs the creation of systems and software that are useful, usable, and enjoyable for the people who use them. HCI students have exciting opportunities for research and graduate school; HCI professionals often have jobs with titles such as user interface architect, user interface specialist, interaction designer, or usability engineer.
Enrolment in the Computer Science Major Program (ASMAJ1689).
Required Courses:
Suggested Related Courses:
If you have completed any of these suggested related courses, please contact cs.undergrad@utoronto.ca to determine whether it may be appropriate to count a related course towards Focus requirements.
(3.5 credits)
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is the scientific study of the use of computers by people and the design discipline that informs the creation of systems and software that are useful, usable, and enjoyable for the people who use them. HCI students have exciting opportunities for research and graduate school; HCI professionals often have jobs with titles such as user interface architect, user interface specialist, interaction designer, or usability engineer.
Enrolment in the Computer Science Specialist Program (ASSPE1689).
Required Courses:
Suggested Related Courses:
If you have completed any of these suggested related courses, please contact cs.undergrad@utoronto.ca to determine whether it may be appropriate to count a related course towards Focus requirements.
Enrolment in the Management Specialist Program (ASSPE2431).
This Focus requires the completion of 2.5 credits.
Alternative courses may be substituted with the prior approval of the Director, Rotman Commerce. Contact the Rotman Commerce Program office for more information.
Enrolment in the International Relations Major is required for entry into this Focus.
Enrolment in this Focus is recommended after second year to guide choice of courses in the higher years. Please note normal course prerequisites will apply to all courses in the Focus.
(2.5 credits)
Notes:
Enrolment in the International Relations Specialist is required for entry into this Focus.
Enrolment in this Focus is recommended after second year to guide choice of courses in the higher years. Please note normal course prerequisites will apply to all courses in the Focus.
(2.5 credits)
Notes:
Enrolment in the International Relations Major is required for entry into the Focus.
Enrolment in this Focus is recommended after second year to guide choice of courses in the higher years. Please note normal course prerequisites will apply to all courses in the Focus.
Note: this Focus requires completion of a 0.5 credit or more in addition to the 7.5 credits required for the International Relations Major.
(2.5 credits)
Notes:
Enrolment in the International Relations Specialist is required for entry into this Focus.
Enrolment in this Focus is recommended after second year to guide choice of courses in the higher years. Please note normal course prerequisites will apply to all courses in the Focus.
(2.5 credits)
Notes:
The Focus in Law and History gives students the critical skill-set to interrogate the ‘force of law’, not only in the sense of law as enforced, but also as a vehicle of cultural, social, and economic knowledge. Importantly, it will ask students to interrogate assumptions of what counts as law across time and space. At the core of this Focus to the Major are fundamental questions of both law and society: Who has law? What does (or should) it look like? Who decides? What sorts of critical histories can be written from and about legal archives that span time, space, and language tradition?
Enrolment in the History Major is required.
3.0 credits
Up to a 0.5 credit from non-HIS courses may be substituted for requirement 2, with permission of the department. Substitutions will be reviewed based on a copy of the course syllabus.
The Focus in Law and History gives students the critical skill-set to interrogate the ‘force of law’, not only in the sense of law as enforced, but also as a vehicle of cultural, social, and economic knowledge. Importantly, it will ask students to interrogate assumptions of what counts as law across time and space. At the core of this Focus to the Major are fundamental questions of both law and society: Who has law? What does (or should) it look like? Who decides? What sorts of critical histories can be written from and about legal archives that span time, space, and language tradition?
Enrolment in the History Specialist is required.
3.0 credits
Up to a 0.5 credit from non-HIS courses may be substituted for requirement 2, with permission of the department. Substitutions will be reviewed based on a copy of the course syllabus.
Enrolment in the Management Specialist Program (ASSPE2431).
This Focus requires the completion of 2.5 credits.
Alternative courses may be substituted with the prior approval of the Director, Rotman Commerce. Contact the Rotman Commerce Program office for more information.
This focus in Managing in Diverse Economies can be taken as part of any of the 3 specialists (Management, Accounting, and Finance & Economics) in the Rotman Commerce program. It requires taking 1.5 credits from the list of required courses (both foundational and capstone) and then allows students to choose 1.0 credit of complementary electives to support the region(s) of study of the capstone. The Managing in Diverse Economies focus offers undergraduate business students in Rotman Commerce an opportunity to learn about business paradigms beyond the western business ecosystem.
Enrolment in one of the following Bachelor of Commerce Specialist programs is required:
This focus requires the completion of 2.5 credits, including both required and elective courses.
Required Courses (1.5 credits):
1. 0.5 credit in Foundational Knowledge of Economics or Political Economy of Inequality and Development
2. 1.0 credit Capstone course in Managing in Diverse Economies
Elective courses* (1.0 credit):
3. Choose 1.0 credit from the following courses:
* Rotman Commerce students must meet any pre-requisites/enrolment controls in order to take the above elective courses. There may be limited space in some courses and, as a result, there may be priority enrolment for students based on program enrolment.
Notes:
Enrolment in the Management Specialist Program (ASSPE2431).
This Focus requires completion of 2.5 credits.
Alternative courses may be substituted with the prior approval of the Director, Rotman Commerce. Contact the Rotman Commerce Program office for more information.
This focus enables students in the Anthropology Major (General) ASMAJ1775 to identify courses pertaining to Medical Anthropology across the discipline’s social science and science fields and receive formal acknowledgement for completing a suite of health-related anthropology courses.
Enrolment in the Anthropology Major (General) is required.
2.5 credits (total)
1. 0.5 credit from ANT205H1 or ANT208H1
2. 2.0 credit from: ANT345H1, ANT348H1, ANT357H1, ANT358H1, ANT382H1, ANT385H1, ANT435H1, ANT442H1, ANT446H1, ANT458H1, ANT460H1, ANT474H1, ANT488H1, JAR301H1.
Health related Anthropology Special Topics courses may be chosen when offered at the third or fourth year levels.
This focus enables students in the Anthropology Major (Society, Culture and Language) ASMAJ2112 to identify courses pertaining to Medical Anthropology from a sociocultural perspective and receive formal acknowledgement for completing a suite of health-related anthropology courses.
Enrolment in the Anthropology Major (Society, Culture, and Language) is required.
2.5 credits (total)
1. ANT205H1
2. 2.0 credits from: ANT208H1, ANT345H1, ANT348H1, ANT357H1, ANT358H1, ANT382H1, ANT385H1, ANT435H1, ANT442H1, ANT446H1, ANT458H1, ANT460H1, ANT474H1, ANT488H1, JAR301H1
Health related Anthropology Special Topics courses may be chosen when offered at the third or fourth year levels.
This focus enables students in the Anthropology Specialist (Society, Culture, and Language) ASSPE2112, to identify courses pertaining to Medical Anthropology (Health) and receive formal acknowledgement for completing a suite of health-related anthropology courses.
Enrolment in the Anthropology Specialist (Society, Culture, and Language) is required.
3.5 credits (total)
1. ANT205H1
2. 3.0 credits from: ANT208H1, ANT345H1, ANT348H1, ANT357H1, ANT358H1, ANT382H1, ANT385H1, ANT435H1, ANT442H1, ANT446H1, ANT458H1, ANT460H1, ANT474H1, ANT488H1, JAR301H1
Health related Anthropology Special Topics courses may be chosen when offered at the third or fourth year levels.
The Planning Focus provides students with the opportunity to learn about how planning is a key component of the dynamic relations that exist between places, policy, power, and people. It focuses in on the conscious choices and decision made by various groups to shape the spatial organization of human activities. The Planning Focus will appeal to students who wish to develop an integrative understanding of the cultural, economic, political and social forces that shape the development and redevelopment of metropolitan and rural regions. Students are encouraged to explore the breadth of our courses that engage planning questions in relation to transportation, social segregation, health and housing, economic policy, environment change, and globalization.
Enrolment in the Human Geography Major (ASMAJ1667) program is required.
Core (required) Courses: 1.0 credit from GGR217H1 and JGI346H1/ JGU346H1
Planning Electives: 1.5 credits from GGR241H1, GGR259H1, JIG322H1, GGR338H1, GGR339H1, GGR343H1, GGR349H1, GGR354H1, GGR357H1, GGR359H1, GGR416H1, GGR424H1, GGR428H1, GGR433H1, GGR434H1, GGR456H1, GGR460H1, GGR493Y1 (0.5 credit can be used based on internship)
Note: At least 1.0 credit must be 300/400-level courses.
The Planning Focus provides students with the opportunity to learn about how planning is a key component of the dynamic relations that exist between places, policy, power, and people. It focuses in on the conscious choices and decision made by various groups to shape the spatial organization of human activities. The Planning Focus will appeal to students who wish to develop an integrative understanding of the cultural, economic, political and social forces that shape the development and redevelopment of metropolitan and rural regions. Students are encouraged to explore the breadth of our courses that engage planning questions in relation to transportation, social segregation, health and housing, economic policy, environment change, and globalization.
Enrolment in the Human Geography Specialist (ASSPE1667) program is required.
Core (required) Courses: 1.0 credit from GGR217H1 and JGI346H1/ JGU346H1
Planning Electives: 1.5 credits from GGR241H1, GGR259H1, JIG322H1, GGR338H1, GGR339H1, GGR343H1, GGR349H1, GGR354H1, GGR357H1, GGR359H1, GGR416H1, GGR424H1, GGR428H1, GGR433H1, GGR434H1, GGR456H1, GGR460H1, GGR493Y1 (0.5 credit can be used based on internship)
Note: At least 1.0 credit must be 300/400-level courses.
Consult Professor D. Stone, Department of Chemistry.
The Focus in Practical Chemical Analysis provides students with the opportunity to emphasize chemical detection, identification, and measurement in a laboratory setting as part of any chemistry specialist or major program they are enrolled in. Having experience with and an understanding of methods for chemical analysis is of considerable value for both potential employers and students pursuing postgraduate research. Chemical analysis has wide application in fields as diverse as alternative energy and storage solutions; clinical medicine and research; drinking water quality and regulatory compliance; environmental monitoring and remediation; food quality and safety; pharmaceutical development, testing, and quality assurance; and product manufacturing and quality control.
Enrolment in one of the following programs is required:
Completion of the Focus in Practical Chemical Analysis requires the following 2.5 credits:
(3.5 credits)
The Focus in Scientific Computing (Major) has the same set of requirements as the Focus in Scientific Computing (Specialist).
Scientific computing studies the world around us. Known and unknown quantities are related through certain rules, e.g. physical laws, formulating mathematical problems. These problems are solved by numerical methods implemented as algorithms and run on computers. The numerical methods are analyzed and their performance (e.g. accuracy, efficiency) studied. Problems, such as choosing the optimal shape for an airplane (to achieve, for example, minimal fuel consumption), finding the fair price for derivative products of the market, or regulating the amount of radiation in medical scans, can be modelled by mathematical expressions and solved by numerical techniques.
Students wishing to study scientific computing should have a strong background in mathematics—in particular calculus of several variables, linear algebra, and statistics—be fluent in programming, and have a good understanding of data structures and algorithm design.
Enrolment in the Computer Science Major Program (ASMAJ1689).
Required Courses:
Suggested Related Courses:
It is also recommended that students in this focus consider taking a half-course or two from the basic sciences (such as physics, chemistry, biology), as these sciences are the source of many problems solved by numerical techniques.
(3.5 credits)
Scientific computing studies the world around us. Known and unknown quantities are related through certain rules, e.g. physical laws, formulating mathematical problems. These problems are solved by numerical methods implemented as algorithms and run on computers. The numerical methods are analyzed and their performance (e.g. accuracy, efficiency) studied. Problems, such as choosing the optimal shape for an airplane (to achieve, for example, minimal fuel consumption), finding the fair price for derivative products of the market, or regulating the amount of radiation in medical scans, can be modelled by mathematical expressions and solved by numerical techniques.
Students wishing to study scientific computing should have a strong background in mathematics—in particular calculus of several variables, linear algebra, and statistics—be fluent in programming, and have a good understanding of data structures and algorithm design.
Enrolment in the Computer Science Specialist Program (ASSPE1689).
Required Courses:
Suggested Related Courses:
It is also recommended that students in this focus consider taking a half-course or two from the basic sciences (such as physics, chemistry, biology), as these sciences are the source of many problems solved by numerical techniques.
Enrolment in the Management Specialist Program (ASSPE2431).
This Focus requires the completion of 2.5 credits.
Alternative courses may be substituted with the prior approval of the Director, Rotman Commerce. Contact the Rotman Commerce Program office for more information.
The Technology Leadership Focus combines the development of applied Computer Science skills with an exploration of the core aspects of leadership within the context of the technology sector.
Students who complete the Technology Leadership Focus will be well-prepared to step into leadership roles and navigate the complexities of the tech industry.
To enrol in the Technology Leadership Focus, you must meet eligibility requirements, apply and be admitted, as detailed in "Enrolment Requirements."
To be admitted to the Technology Leadership Focus, you must:
Students admitted to the Focus will be enrolled in an industry-engaged version of CSC207H1 in the Fall term. This industry-engaged version of CSC207H1 is a required component of the Focus, and is a prerequisite to CSC308H1.
Additionally, participating students will be invited to participate in co-curricular community-building and networking activities. These co-curricular activities will provide opportunities for students to meet leaders in the field and to reflect on their own leadership development.
The Technology Leadership Focus combines the development of applied Computer Science skills with an exploration of the core aspects of leadership within the context of the technology sector.
Students who complete the Technology Leadership Focus will be well-prepared to step into leadership roles and navigate the complexities of the tech industry.
To enrol in the Technology Leadership Focus, you must meet eligibility requirements, apply and be admitted, as detailed in "Enrolment Requirements."
To be admitted to the Technology Leadership Focus, you must:
Students admitted to the Focus will be enrolled in an industry-engaged version of CSC207H1 in the Fall term. This industry-engaged version of CSC207H1 is a required component of the Focus, and is a prerequisite to CSC308H1.
Additionally, participating students will be invited to participate in co-curricular community-building and networking activities. These co-curricular activities will provide opportunities for students to meet leaders in the field and to reflect on their own leadership development.
The Technology Leadership Focus combines the development of applied Computer Science skills with an exploration of the core aspects of leadership within the context of the technology sector.
Students who complete the Technology Leadership Focus will be well-prepared to step into leadership roles and navigate the complexities of the tech industry.
To enrol in the Technology Leadership Focus, you must meet eligibility requirements, apply and be admitted, as detailed in "Enrolment Requirements."
To be admitted to the Technology Leadership Focus, you must:
Students admitted to the Focus will be enrolled in an industry-engaged version of CSC207H1 in the Fall term. This industry-engaged version of CSC207H1 is a required component of the Focus, and is a prerequisite to CSC308H1.
Additionally, participating students will be invited to participate in co-curricular community-building and networking activities. These co-curricular activities will provide opportunities for students to meet leaders in the field and to reflect on their own leadership development.
(3.5 credits)
Why is it easy to sort a list of numbers, but hard to break Internet encryption schemes? Is finding a solution to a problem harder than checking that a solution is correct? Can we find good approximate solutions, even when the exact solutions seem out of reach? Theory of Computation studies the inherent complexity of fundamental algorithmic problems. On one hand, we develop ground-breaking efficient data structures and algorithms. On the other, we have yet to develop good algorithms for many problems despite decades of effort, and for these problems we strive to prove no time- or space-efficient algorithms will ever solve them. While the field has seen some successful impossibility results, there are still many problems (such as those underlying modern cryptography and security) for which we do not know either efficient algorithms or strong lower bounds!
This focus takes a rigorous, mathematical approach to computational problem-solving: students will gain a deep understanding of algorithm paradigms and measures of problem complexity, and develop the skills necessary to convey abstract ideas with precision and clarity. Many of our students go on to graduate studies and sophisticated algorithmic work in industry. This focus has natural ties with many branches of mathematics and is the foundation of many computer science fields. Consequently, our students often apply their theoretical knowledge to other fields of interest.
We advise you to take CSC240H1 and CSC265H1, the enriched versions of CSC236H1 and CSC263H1, because these courses are particularly well-aligned with the goals of this focus and will best prepare you for advanced theory courses. However, students who have already taken CSC236H1/ CSC236H5/ CSCB36H3 or CSC263H1/ CSC263H5/ CSCB63H3 are also welcome to enrol in the focus.
Enrolment in the Computer Science Major Program (ASMAJ1689).
Students who complete an independent study project ( CSC494H1/ CSC495H1) under the supervision of a faculty member from the Theory group may request to substitute one of CSC494H1/ CSC495H1 for one of the courses in list 2 above. This request must be made directly to the department's Undergraduate Office.
Students who complete a graduate Topics course in Theory may request to count it towards the completion of list 2 above. This request must be made directly to the department's Undergraduate Office.
(3.5 credits)
Why is it easy to sort a list of numbers, but hard to break Internet encryption schemes? Is finding a solution to a problem harder than checking that a solution is correct? Can we find good approximate solutions, even when the exact solutions seem out of reach? Theory of Computation studies the inherent complexity of fundamental algorithmic problems. On one hand, we develop ground-breaking efficient data structures and algorithms. On the other, we have yet to develop good algorithms for many problems despite decades of effort, and for these problems we strive to prove no time- or space-efficient algorithms will ever solve them. While the field has seen some successful impossibility results, there are still many problems (such as those underlying modern cryptography and security) for which we do not know either efficient algorithms or strong lower bounds!
This focus takes a rigorous, mathematical approach to computational problem-solving: students will gain a deep understanding of algorithm paradigms and measures of problem complexity, and develop the skills necessary to convey abstract ideas with precision and clarity. Many of our students go on to graduate studies and sophisticated algorithmic work in industry. This focus has natural ties with many branches of mathematics and is the foundation of many computer science fields. Consequently, our students often apply their theoretical knowledge to other fields of interest.
We advise you to take CSC240H1 and CSC265H1, the enriched versions of CSC236H1 and CSC263H1, because these courses are particularly well-aligned with the goals of this focus and will best prepare you for advanced theory courses. However, students who have already taken CSC236H1/ CSC236H5/ CSCB36H3 or CSC263H1/ CSC263H5/ CSCB63H3 are also welcome to enrol in the focus.
Enrolment in the Computer Science Specialist Program (ASSPE1689).
Students who complete an independent study project ( CSC494H1/ CSC495H1) under the supervision of a faculty member from the Theory group may request to substitute one of CSC494H1/ CSC495H1 for one of the courses in list 2 above. This request must be made directly to the department's Undergraduate Office.
Students who complete a graduate Topics course in Theory may request to count it towards the completion of list 2 above. This request must be made directly to the department's Undergraduate Office.
Enrolment in the International Relations Major is required for entry into the Focus.
Enrolment in this Focus is recommended after second year to guide choice of courses in the higher years. Please note normal course prerequisites will apply to all courses in the Focus.
Note: depending on course selection, this Focus may require the completion of extra 0.5 credits in addition to the 7.5 credits required for the International Relations Major.
2.5 credits from the following list:
ECO365H1, ECO368H1, HIS341Y1, HIS359H1, HIS415Y1, HIS439H1, HIS494H1, JHA394H1, GGR324H1, GGR344H1, POL456H1, POL445H1, POL472H1, TRN409H1 (Nuclear Weapons and International Politics), TRN410H1
Notes:
Enrolment in the International Relations Specialist is required for entry into this Focus.
Enrolment in this Focus is recommended after second year to guide choice of courses in the higher years. Please note normal course prerequisites will apply to all courses in the Focus.
2.5 credits from the following list:
ECO365H1, ECO368H1, HIS341Y1, HIS359H1, HIS415Y1, HIS439H1, HIS494H1, JHA394H1, GGR324H1, GGR344H1, POL456H1, POL445H1, POL472H1, TRN409H1 (Nuclear Weapons and International Politics), TRN410H1
Notes:
The Focus in Urban Geography provides students with the opportunity to emphasize urban geography as part of their Human Geography specialist or major. Urban geography focuses on the political, social, cultural and economic processes that shape city life, development and policy. This focus will appeal to students registered in the Human Geography specialist or major program who wish to develop an integrative understanding of the dynamics that shape the urban realm. Students are encouraged to explore the breadth of our course offerings in housing, historical, political and transportation.
Enrolment in the Human Geography Major (ASMAJ1667) program is required.
Required Urban Geography Courses: 1.0 credit from GGR124H1, GGR241H1, JGI216H1/ JGU216H1, GGR259H1
Urban Geography Electives: 1.5 credits from GGR241H1, GGR259H1, GGR336H1, GGR339H1, GGR349H1, GGR357H1, GGR359H1, GGR374H1, GGR382H1, GGR424H1, GGR458H1, GGR460H1, GGR482H1
Note: At least 1.0 credit must be 300/400-level courses.
The Focus in Urban Geography provides students with the opportunity to emphasize urban geography as part of their Human Geography specialist or major. Urban geography focuses on the political, social, cultural and economic processes that shape city life, development and policy. This focus will appeal to students registered in the Human Geography specialist or major program who wish to develop an integrative understanding of the dynamics that shape the urban realm. Students are encouraged to explore the breadth of our course offerings in housing, historical, political and transportation.
Enrolment in the Human Geography Specialist (ASSPE1667) program is required.
Required Urban Geography Courses: 1.0 credit from GGR124H1, GGR241H1, JGI216H1/ JGU216H1, GGR259H1
Urban Geography Electives: 1.5 credits from GGR241H1, GGR259H1, GGR336H1, GGR339H1, GGR349H1, GGR357H1, GGR359H1, GGR374H1, GGR382H1, GGR424H1, GGR458H1, GGR460H1, GGR482H1
Note: At least 1.0 credit must be 300/400-level courses.
(3.0 credits)
The Web and Internet Technologies focus introduces students to the systems and algorithms that power today's large-scale web and Internet applications such as search engines, social networking applications, web data mining applications, and content distribution networks. The focus covers the architecture of the systems, algorithms and protocols, and machine learning techniques underlying these applications.
Students who wish to pursue the Focus in Web and Internet Technologies should have a solid understanding of statistics, be good programmers, and have a good understanding of data structures and algorithm design.
To get practical experience, students pursuing the web and Internet technologies focus are encouraged to do either a CSC494H1/ CSC495H1: Computer Science Project course or a summer USRA/UTEA project in web and internet technologies.
Enrolment in the Computer Science Major Program (ASMAJ1689).
(3.0 credits)
The Web and Internet Technologies focus introduces students to the systems and algorithms that power today's large-scale web and Internet applications such as search engines, social networking applications, web data mining applications, and content distribution networks. The focus covers the architecture of the systems, algorithms and protocols, and machine learning techniques underlying these applications.
Students who wish to pursue the Focus in Web and Internet Technologies should have a solid understanding of statistics, be good programmers, and have a good understanding of data structures and algorithm design.
To get practical experience, students pursuing the web and Internet technologies focus are encouraged to do either a CSC494H1/ CSC495H1: Computer Science Project course or a summer USRA/UTEA project in web and internet technologies.
Enrolment in the Computer Science Specialist Program (ASSPE1689).