Earth Sciences


Faculty List

Professor and Chair of the Department 
S. Finkelstein, M.Phil., PhD 

Professor and Associate Chair (Graduate Studies) 
M. L. Diamond, MSc, M.Sc.Eng., PhD 

Associate Professor, Teaching Stream, and Associate Chair (Undergraduate) 
C. Bank, Dipl. Geophys., MSc, PhD 

University Professor 
B. Sherwood-Lollar, BA, PhD, FRSC 

Professors 
J. R. Desloges (joint appointment with Geography), MSc, PhD, FRSC 
M. L. Diamond, MSc, M.Sc. Eng., PhD 
M. Dittrich, PhD (U of T Scarborough) 
J. Halfar, Dip Geol, PhD (U of T Mississauga) 
K.W.F. Howard, MSc, PhD (U of T Scarborough) 
Q. Liu, MSc, PhD (joint appointment with Physics) 
R. Pysklywec, MSc, PhD 
L. Schoenbohm, BSc, PhD (U of T Mississauga) 

Associate Professors 
B.A. Bergquist, BSc, PhD 
J. Bollmann, Dipl. Geol., Sci. Nat. ETH 
S. A. Cowling, MSc, PhD 
G.S. Henderson, MSc, PhD 
M. Laflamme, PhD (U of T Mississauga) 
A. Swidinsky, MSc, PhD 
U. Wortmann, Dipl. Geo., Dr. Rer. Nat. 

Assistant Professors 
M.O. Anderson, BSc, MSc, PhD 
X. Chu, M.Phil., PhD 
D.D. Gregory, BSc, PhD 
P. Heron, MSc, M. Geophys., PhD (U of T Scarborough) 
S. Lui, PhD (U of T Mississauga) 
C. Kin I Sio, BS, PhD 

Assistant Professor, Teaching Stream 
T. Santimano, MSc, PhD 

Status Only Faculty 
M. Head, MSc, PhD (Brock University) 
K. Tait, MSc, PhD, ROM 

Non-tenure Stream Faculty 
N. Bennett, MSc, PhD 
M.A. Hamilton, MSc, PhD 
S. Kamo, MSc, PhD 

Professors Emeriti 
G.M. Anderson, B. Eng, MSc, PhD 
R. C. Bailey, BSc, PhD 
D. Davis, MSc, PhD 
N. Eyles, MSc, PhD (U of T Scarborough) 
F.G. Ferris, BSc, PhD, FRSC 
J. Gittins, MSc, PhD, Sc D (U) 
H.C. Halls, MSc, PhD (U of T Mississauga) 
A.D. Miall, BSc, PhD, D. Sc., FRSC 
B. Milkereit, MSc, PhD 
G. Norris, MA, PhD, FRSC (U) 
P-Y. F. Robin, MSc, PhD (U of T Mississauga) 
D.J. Schulze, MSc, PhD (U of T Mississauga) 
W.M. Schwerdtner, Dipl. Geol., Dr. Rer. Nat. 
E. T. C. Spooner, MA, PhD (U) 
P.H. von Bitter, MA, PhD 
J.A. Westgate, BSc, PhD (S) 

Introduction

Do you like sciences but have a hard time choosing which one to pursue? Can you picture yourself performing experiments in the lab, or collecting data in the field, or developing and testing models on a computer? Then Earth Sciences is the discipline for you. It is the study of physical, chemical, and biological processes over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales in earth and planetary systems. 

Our department offers various programs:

The three specialist programs – Geology, Environmental Geoscience, and Geophysics (offered in collaboration with the Department of Physics) – give students the skills to enter graduate studies and also allow them to become professional “geoscientists in training” after graduation. The Geology specialist program focuses on processes of the solid planetary bodies, including volcanoes, sedimentary environments, mountain building, the formation of minerals or ores, and Earth through time. The Environmental Geosciences specialist program in addition addresses processes related to groundwater and biochemical activities. The Geophysics specialist program allows students to model physical processes in and on Earth and other planets and to apply non-invasive methods of imaging the subsurface, often in 4D (i.e., space and time); targets may range from archaeological investigations to groundwater imaging and mineral exploration, but also include modeling of mountain-building processes and planetary magnetic fields.

The Geoscience Major program builds on a set of core courses and allows students to select elective courses that match their particular interests. Students have paired this program not just with other science programs but such diverse fields as geography, archaeology, economics, history, political science, or peace and conflict studies. 

The Geoscience Minor program provides an introduction to Earth science topics and thinking. 

The Earth and Environmental Systems Major program takes a holistic approach to understanding how the Earth system works and how it has evolved over tens to millions and billions of years. This requires understanding the dynamics and interactions of all aspects of the system (solid Earth, ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere) and provides the larger context at a time when climate change, resource consumption and global pollution weigh heavily on people and societies.

Our programs emphasise hands-on lab and field work. At least one field course is required in each program, and several courses have offered optional one-day to two-week long trips. In recent years courses have travelled to Newfoundland, Texas, Arizona, Hawaii, Chile, and New Zealand, and small groups of undergraduates have been involved with field research in Turkey, Peru, Greece and South Africa. These field training opportunities foster the establishment of peer networks, develop team-working skills, afford hands-on learning, and allow for a close collaboration and mentoring experience between individual students and instructors. Students are also encouraged to take advantage of extra and co-curricular opportunities such as study abroad, summer abroad, internships, or working in industry and non-governmental organizations.

More information (including an undergraduate handbook) can be found on the department website www.es.utoronto.ca. Students are encouraged to discuss their plans for program and course selection with the Undergraduate Associate Chair (undergradchair@es.utoronto.ca).

Undergraduate/Graduate Administrator: 22 Ursula Franklin Street, room 1066; 416-978-1240; ugrad@es.utoronto.ca

Earth Sciences Programs

Environmental Geosciences Specialist (Science Program) - ASSPE1253

The Environmental Geosciences specialist program focusses on the interconnectedness within the Earth system (biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere) and core environmental geoscience subjects such as earth materials, aqueous geochemistry, hydrogeology, sedimentary geology, geomorphology, and biogeochemistry. This program aims at preparing students for a variety of careers in industry, government and academia that require knowledge of Earth and Environmental science such as environmental consulting and assessment, water quality, waste management and sustainability.

Jointly sponsored by the School of the Environment and the Department of Earth Sciences. For more information, please contact the Department of Earth Sciences, undergradchair@es.utoronto.ca. Students should note that under the Professional Geoscientists Act of 2000, individuals practicing Environmental Geoscience in Ontario require education that fulfills APGO knowledge requirements (see note below).

Enrolment Requirements:

This is an open enrolment program. A student who has completed 4.0 credits may enrol in the program.

Completion Requirements:

(12.0 credits including at least 1.0 credit from 400-level courses)

1st year required courses (2.0 credits): CHM151Y1/​( CHM135H1, CHM136H1), MAT135H1, PHY131H1/​ PHY151H1

1st year elective courses: 1.0 credit from MAT136H1, PHY132H1/​ PHY152H1, ENV237H1/​ ENV238H1, BIO120H1, CSC108H1/​ ESS245H1/​ ESS345H1, JEG100H1

2nd year required courses (2.0 credits): ESS241H1, ESS223H1/​ENV233H, ESS262H1, GGR201H1

2nd year elective courses: 1.0 credit from ESS224H1, ESS261H1, STA220H1/​ GGR270H1, CHM210H1, MAT221H1/​ MAT223H1; up to 0.5 credit of this requirement can be satisfied by taking one of the following ethics courses: IMC200H1/​ PHL273H1/​ PHL275H1/​ ABS201Y1

3rd and 4th year required courses (2.0 credits): ESS311H1, ESS312H1, ESS410H1, ESS461H1

3rd and 4th year elective courses: 4.0 credits from JGA305H1, ESS234H1/​ ESS330H1, ESS331H1, ESS361H1, ESS362H1, GGR337H1/​ GGR315H1, GGR390H1, ENV333H1, ESS431H1, ESS441H1, ESS445H1, ESS450H1, ESS462H1, ESS463H1, ESS464H1, ESS490H1, ESS491H1/​ ESS492Y1

Other courses which might of interest: ESS391H1, ESS392Y1, ESS381H1, ESS481H1

If you plan to become APGO certified, we suggest you consider the following courses to fulfill minimum qualifications. This list comprises courses which are required for the specialist as well as suggested courses; together they fulfill groups 1A, 1B, 2A and 2B of the APGO requirements and add up to 13.5 credits:

Group 1A: CHM135H1, MAT135H1, PHY131H1

Group 1B: BIO120H1, MAT136H1, CHM136H1, PHY132H1, STA220H1, CSC108H1/​ ESS245H1/​ ESS345H1

Group 2A: ESS224H1, ESS241H1, ESS234H1/​ ESS330H1, ESS331H1

Group 2B: ESS223H1/​ENV233H, ESS312H1, GGR201H1, GGR337H1/​ GGR315H1, JGA305H1

Group 2C: 4.5 of 200/300/400 level ESS or other allowable courses

All students, regardless of their career aspirations, are encouraged to talk to the undergraduate chair about their selection of electives.

Geology Specialist (Science Program) - ASSPE0509

This program gives the deepest level of education within the field of geology, preparing students for careers in the energy and mineral resources sectors, as a government-employed geoscientists, in geoscience research and in many other fields where geoscience knowledge is an asset. The program meets the requirements for gaining membership in the Association of Professional Geoscientist of Ontario (APGO) and similar organizations in other Canadian provinces and territories. The Geology Specialist Program focuses on core geology subjects, such as mineralogy and petrology, sedimentology, structural geology, mineral resources, hydrogeology, Earth history and geologic field mapping. Students are advised to be aware of course prerequisites, check clusters of courses listed for the Geology Specialist program, and consult the Earth Sciences Undergraduate Handbook for logical course progressions. For further questions, please consult with the Student Affairs Coordinator (Scott Moore, Department of Earth Sciences, 22 Ursula Franklin St., Earth Sciences Center, Room 1062 email: ugrad@es.utoronto.ca.

Keywords: Geology, Petrology, Energy and Mineral Resources

Enrolment Requirements:

This is an open enrolment program. A student who has completed 4.0 credits may enrol in the program.

Completion Requirements:

(14.0 credits)

Compulsory Foundation Sciences (1.5 credits):

CHM135H1, MAT135H1, PHY131H1

Additional Foundation Sciences (3.0 credits):

Any 3.0 credits from the following, with no more than 1.0 credit from the same category:

Compulsory Foundation Geosciences (3.5 credits):

Additional Foundation Geosciences (2.5 credits):

At least 0.5 credit, but no more than 1.0 credit from each subgroup:

Other Geosciences (3.5 credits):

A minimum of 3.5 credits from the following list that have not been used to fulfill the above requirements. At least 1.0 credit needs to be at the 400 level, and no more than 1.5 credits from the 200 level.

Notes:

  1. Advanced courses, like CHM151Y1, PHY151H1, MAT137Y1 or MAT157Y1, can be used as credits for both foundation sciences sections, meaning, half of the credit will count for Compulsory Foundation Sciences, and the other half will count for Additional Foundation Sciences.

  2. You may choose more than 2.5 credits from the Additional Foundation Geosciences list. In that case, the additional courses will count towards the Other Geosciences.

  3. You need a minimum of 4.0 credits of 300/400-level courses

  4. Students are advised to check the prerequisites of the upper-year courses when deciding on their 2nd and 3rd-year-course selection.

  5. Students who do not wish to attain APGO certification are advised to speak to the Associate Chair, Undergraduate Affairs concerning their course selection.

Recommended Course Combinations:

Students interested in Mineral Exploration:

First Year: BIO120H1, CHM135H1, CHM136H1, MAT135H1, MAT136H1, PHY131H1, PHY132H1

Second year: ESS223H1, ESS224H1 or ESS221H1 and ESS222H1, ESS234H1, ESS241H1, ESS245H1/​ ESS345H1, ESS262H1, STA220H1

Third Year: ESS331H1, ESS321H1, ESS322H1, ESS323H1, JGA305H1, ESS311H1, ESS324H1

Fourth Year: ESS423H1, ESS431H1, ESS441H1, ESS461H1, ESS490H1, ESS491H1, ESS492Y1

Students with an interest in GIS and Geology:

First Year: CHM135H1, CHM136H1, MAT135H1, PHY131H1, PHY132H1, CSC108H1

Second year: STA220H1, ESS223H1, ESS224H1, ESS234H1, ESS241H1, ESS262H1, GGR272H1, GGR273H1, MAT221H1

Third Year: ESS311H1, ESS312H1, ESS321H1, ESS322H1, ESS331H1, JGA305H1, GGR337H1/​ GGR315H1, ESS323H1, ESS324H1

Fourth Year: ESS431H1, ESS490H1, ESS491H1, ESS492Y1

Geophysics Specialist (Science Program) - ASSPE1650

The Geophysics Specialist program allows students to model physical processes in and on Earth and other planets and to apply non­invasive methods of imaging the subsurface, often in 4D (i.e., space and time). Targets may range from archaeological investigations to groundwater imaging and mineral exploration, but also include modeling of mountain-building processes and the exploration of planetary bodies. Students are advised to be aware of course prerequisites, and consult the Earth Sciences Undergraduate Handbook. For further questions, please consult with the Student Affairs Coordinator (Scott Moore, Department of Earth Sciences, 22 Russell St. Earth Sciences Center, Room 1062 email: ugrad@es.utoronto.ca).

Enrolment Requirements:

This is an open enrolment program. A student who has completed 4.0 credits may enrol in the program.

Completion Requirements:

Consult Departments of Earth Sciences and Physics

(13.5 to 14.0 credits with at least 1.0 credit at the 400-level)

9.0 credits of core courses:

100-level foundation math and physics: PHY131H1/​ PHY151H1, PHY132H1/​ PHY152H1; ( MAT135H1, MAT136H1)/ MAT137Y1

200-level physics, math, and earth sciences: PHY250H1, PHY254H1; MAT235Y1/​ MAT237Y1; ESS224H1, ESS241H1

300-level global and near-surface geophysics: JPE395H1; JGA305H1

400-level advanced geophysics, including field course: PHY408H1, JPE493H1, ESS452H1; ESS441H1, ESS445H1, ESS450H1

0.5 to 1.0 credit ethics course chosen from the following list: JPH441H1, ENV333H1, IMC200H1, PHL273H1, PHL275H1, INS201Y1

4.0 to 4.5 additional credits chosen from Groups A, B, and/or C:

Group A -- courses required and relevant for professional registration (APGO):
CHM135H1; ESS245H1/​ ESS345H1/​ CSC108H1; STA220H1/​ GGR270H1; MAT223H1, MAT244H1; APM346H1; ESS331H1

Group B -- emphasis on physics (suitable for graduate school preparation in a physics program):
PHY252H1, PHY350H1, PHY354H1, PHY392H1, PHY454H1, PHY495H1

Group C -- other relevant courses from physics, mathematics, or earth sciences:
PHY224H1, MAT224H1, MAT335H1, APM346H1, ESS211H1, ESS311H1, ESS312H1, ESS321H1, ESS322H1, ESS323H1, ESS324H1, ESS431H1, ESS234H1/​ ESS330H1, ESS410H1, ESS490H1, ESS491H1/​ ESS492Y1, ESS381H1, ESS391H1, ESS392Y1, ESS481H1

Earth and Environmental Systems Major (Science Program) - ASMAJ2745

In the Earth and Environmental Systems Major, students use multidisciplinary approaches to studying the large-scale interactions between the Earth and planetary systems over a broad spectrum of time-scales, addressing deep timescales of millions to billions of years as well as processes taking place in today’s and in future worlds. Courses take an integrative approach to understanding interactions between the solid Earth, the biosphere, the atmosphere and the hydrosphere, addressing how these interactions have developed over geological, historical, and recent time periods. Themes of the program include biogeochemistry, paleoclimatology (e.g., drivers of Earth’s natural climate variability), global environmental change, Quaternary science (e.g., understanding the ice ages) and Earth surface processes (e.g., evolution of landforms and sedimentary basins). This program provides broad context over time and space to better understand and provide solutions for the current issues of climate change, resource consumption and global pollution weighing heavily on people and societies. Students are advised to check course prerequisites, to review the clusters of courses listed, and to consult the Earth Sciences Undergraduate Handbook for logical course progressions. For further questions, please contact the Student Affairs Coordinator (Scott Moore, Department of Earth Sciences, 22 Ursula Franklin St. Earth Sciences Center, Room 1062 email: ugrad@es.utoronto.ca).

Keywords: Geoscience, Environment, Geology, Earth Sciences, Earth History, Evolution, Chemistry, Physics, Biology

Enrolment Requirements:

This is an open enrolment program. A student who has completed 4.0 credits may enrol in the program.

Completion Requirements:

(8.0 credits including at least 2.0 credits at 300+ level with at least 0.5 credit at 400-level.)

1. 2.0 credits of foundation science courses selected from JEG100H1/​ESS102H, BIO120H1/​ BIO130H1, CHM135H1/​CHM139H, CHM136H1/​CHM138H, PHY131H1, PHY132H1, MAT135H1, ENV237H1/​ ENV238H1

2. 3.0 credits of ESS core courses:

  • 1.0 credit at 200 level chosen from the following courses: ESS262H1 (Earth System Processes), ESS224H1 (Intro to Mineralogy and Petrology), ESS241H1 (Geologic Structures and Maps)
  • 1.0 credit at 300 level:
  • 0.5 credit of field courses: ESS410H1 (Field Techniques in Hydrogeochemistry)/ ESS450H1 (Geophysical Field Techniques)/ GGR390H1 (Field Methods)
  • 0.5 credit of capstone courses: ESS461H1 (Paleoenvironmental Studies)/ ESS462H1 (Global Biogeochemical Cycles)/ ESS464H1 (Biological Perspectives on Earth Systems Evolution)

3. 3.0 credits of elective courses:

In addition to the above core courses, you need to take 3.0 credits of electives. This requirement can be satisfied by any of the Earth Sciences Courses listed in categories A to F below. The following clusters of courses are neither mutually exclusive nor meant to limit choice but intended to show logical course complements. These are not POSt requirements; rather the clusters are presented to aid students in course selection according to their interests.

a) Earth Surface Processes

ESS224H1, ESS241H1, ESS245H1/​ ESS345H1, JGA305H1, ESS311H1, ESS331H1, ESS445H1, GGR201H1, GGR205H1, GGR272H1

b) Paleoclimate

ESS245H1/​ ESS345H1, ESS261H1, ESS331H1, ESS361H1, ESS362H1, ESS461H1, ESS464H1, ENV234H1, GGR305H1

c) Biogeochemistry

ESS223H1/​ENV233H, ESS245H1/​ ESS345H1, ESS311H1, ESS312H1, ESS362H1, ESS410H1, ESS462H1

d) Global Environmental Change

ESS245H1/​ ESS345H1, JGA305H1, ESS362H1, ESS462H1, ESS463H1, GGR203H1, GGR314H1, PHY392H1

e) Quaternary Science

ESS224H1, ESS245H1/​ ESS345H1, JGA305H1, ANT314H1, ANT315H1, ANT409H1, ANT419H1, ESS461H1

f) Other Relevant Courses

ESS261H1, ESS321H1, ESS322H1, ESS323H1, ESS450H1, GGR337H1/​ GGR315H1, ENV337H1, JSC301H1, ESS381H1, ESS399Y0, ESS481H1, ESS490H1, ESS491H1/​ ESS492Y1

Environmental Geosciences Minor (Science Program) - ASMIN1253

Enrolment Requirements:

Admission to the Environmental Geosciences Minor has been administratively suspended as of 1 April 2015 and is no longer admitting students. Students presently enrolled in the minor will be able to complete the program requirements as described below.

Completion Requirements:

(4 full courses or their equivalent; must include at least one full-course equivalent at the 300+-level)

1. CHM136H1 ( CHM138H1)
2. ENV233H1; ESS221H1, ESS222H1, ESS311H1, ESS312H1, ESS410H1

Geoscience Major (Science Program) - ASMAJ0509

The study of Earth Sciences integrates principles from physics, chemistry, and biology to illuminate a wide variety of natural phenomena. The major program exposes students to the foundations of the geoscience curriculum (mineralogy, petrology, geological structures and maps, field techniques, Earth evolution, etc.). Careers available are similar to those of the Geoscience Specialist although the Major gives more flexibility to someone wanting to minor or double major in another field. Students are advised to be aware of course prerequisites, check clusters of courses listed for the geoscience major program, and consult the Earth Sciences Undergraduate Handbook for logical course progressions.For further questions, please consult with the Student Affairs Coordinator (Scott Moore, Department of Earth Sciences, 22 Ursula Franklin St., Earth Sciences Center, Room 1062 email: ugrad@es.utoronto.ca).

Keywords: Geology, Paleontology, Earth History, Evolution

Enrolment Requirements:

This is an open enrolment program. A student who has completed 4.0 credits may enrol in the program.

Completion Requirements:

(8.0 credits including at least 2.0 credits at 300+ level with at least 0.5 credit at 400-level.)

2.0 credits chosen from BIO120H1; ( CHM135H1, CHM136H1)/(CHM138H, CHM139H); MAT135H1, MAT136H1, MAT137Y1; PHY131H1, PHY132H1

2.5 credits of core courses: JEG100H1/​ESS102H/ ENV234H1/​ ESS262H1, ESS223H1/​ENV233H, ESS224H1/​ ESS222H1, ESS241H1, ESS331H1

0.5 credit of field courses chosen from: ESS234H1/​ ESS324H1/​ ESS410H1/​ ESS450H1

3.0 credits chosen from 300/400 level ESS/JGA courses. Note course progressions and prerequisites.

We suggest that students consider the following logical course clusters in their higher years:
(a) Earth/planetary materials and mineral resources: ESS321H1/​ ESS221H1, ESS322H1, ESS323H1, ESS324H1, ESS431H1, ESS423H1, ESS441H1
(b) Tectonics: JGA305H1, ESS245H1/​ ESS345H1/​ CSC108H1, ESS321H1, ESS322H1, ESS323H1, ESS441H1, ESS445H1
(c) Environmental biogeochemistry: ESS261H1, ESS311H1, ESS312H1, ESS410H1, ESS461H1
(d) Geoarchaeology: ESS261H1, JGA305H1, ESS461H1, ESS450H1

Geoscience Minor (Science Program) - ASMIN0509

The study of Earth Sciences (or “Geology” to use the Greek term) integrates the classical sciences of chemistry, physics and biology, and applies their principles to a diverse range of processes on Earth and other planets, from landform evolution to plate tectonics all the way to the origin and evolution of life and geomicrobiology. The Geoscience Minor program aims to give students as much leeway as possible to choose particular interests within the diverse and dynamic field of Earth Sciences. Students are advised to check course prerequisites, to review the clusters of courses listed for the geoscience major program, and to consult the Earth Sciences Undergraduate Handbook for logical course progressions. For further questions, please contact the Student Affairs Coordinator (Scott Moore, Department of Earth Sciences, 22 Russell St. Earth Sciences Center, Room 1062 email: ugrad@es.utoronto.ca).

Keywords: Geology

Enrolment Requirements:

This is an open enrolment program. A student who has completed 4.0 credits may enrol in the program.

Completion Requirements:

(4 full courses or their equivalent, with at least 1.0 FCE at 300+ series.)

1. 1.0 FCE of 100-series CHM, BIO, MAT or PHY courses.

2. 2.0 FCE of 100- or 200-level ESS courses (excluding ESS103H1, ESS104H1, ESS105H1, and ESS205H1). It is however recommended to include at least ESS262H1/​ ENV234H1/​ JEG100H1 and ESS224H1.

3. 1.0 FCE of 300/400 level ESS/JGA courses.

Be aware of course prerequisites, check clusters of courses listed for the geoscience major program, and consult the geology undergraduate handbook for logical course progressions.


Earth Sciences Courses

JEG100H1 - Introduction to Physical Geography and Earth Science

Hours: 24L/12P

This introduction to Physical Geography and Earth Sciences examines the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and biosphere, emphasizing processes, flows of energy and materials, and the interconnectedness of these Earth systems. Specific topics include weather and climate, earth materials, geological and geomorphic processes involved in the genesis of landforms, river systems, glaciers, soils, and biomes.

Exclusion: GGR100H1, ESS102H1, EESA06H3
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS103H1 - Geology in Public Issues

Hours: 24L

Geologic hazards: earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, tsunamis. The distribution and politics of natural resources, including petroleum and ore deposits. Nuclear power and nuclear waste disposal. Global change: the geologic record of hot and cold climates, and how the earth survives. ESS103H1 is primarily intended as a science Distribution Requirement course for Humanities and Social Science.

Exclusion: GLG103H1, ERS103H5
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS104H1 - Controversies in Earth Science

Hours: 24L

The evolution of ideas about the origin and development of the earth from the Athenians to the 20th Century, with attention on the age of earth; on the evolution and disappearance of species; on the origin of oceans, continents and mountains; on climate change; and on the courage of scientists in confronting the religious and political views of their time.  ESS104H1 is primarily intended as a science Distribution Requirement course for Humanities and Social Science students. Taught in even years.

Exclusion: GLG105H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS105H1 - Our home planet

Hours: 24L

The nature and evolution of the Earth; plate tectonics; rocks and minerals; volcanism; geological time; fossils; geology of Ontario; environmental issues; and human interactions with the planet.  ESS105H1 is primarily intended as a science Distribution Requirement course for Humanities and Social Science students

Exclusion: GLG110H1, EESA06H3
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS196H1 - Life and Death in the Solar System

Previous Course Number: PMU199H1

Hours: 24L

Earth is the only planet in the solar system known to support life. Through directed readings, seminars, videos and lab visits, participants in this course will work with instructors whose own research tackles important questions concerning the origin of life on earth; the limits to life on this planet; implications for life under extreme conditions elsewhere in the solar system; and the life cycles of the planets themselves. The course will involve reading of scientific literature, student-led discussions, oral presentations and research projects, as well as potential field trips to sites in Southern Ontario. Restricted to first-year students. Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS197H1 - Earth and Life through Time

Previous Course Number: PMU199H1

Hours: 24L

This seminar will look through the lens of earth history to explore drivers of change in the biosphere and the impacts of these changes. We will focus on episodes of mass extinction, and the spectacular landscape changes and speciation events which often followed. Abrupt or gradual climatic changes, massive volcanism, asteroid impacts, catastrophic carbon releases, and human activity will be evaluated as the causes of major extinction events in Earth history. The course will involve reading of scientific literature, student-led discussions, oral presentations and research projects, as well as potential field trips to sites in Southern Ontario. Restricted to first-year students. Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS198H1 - Resources and Sustainability

Previous Course Number: PMU199H1

Hours: 24L

The rise of humanity is intricately linked to the exploitation of natural resources. From its earliest attempts to use fire and extract metals from rocks, to coal-fired steam that brought the industrial revolution, hydrocarbons that fuel international travel and trade, nuclear energy to produce electricity, and the reliance on smartphones in our daily lives, the planet’s resources have brought innovation and problems and require us to ask questions regarding sustainability. This course will explore the gamut from resource extraction and trading, to its societal consequences including global politics, environmental pollution, and remediation. The course will involve reading of scientific literature, student-led discussions, oral presentations and research projects, and potentially field trips to sites in Southern Ontario. Restricted to first-year students. Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS199H1 - Earth, Portrait of a Planet

Hours: 24L

Modern Earth Sciences touches on virtually all aspects of modern life, from the atmosphere to large scale natural disasters. This course will explore how earth sciences has shaped our society and our understanding of the earth as a system. Potential course topics will vary depending on the instructor, and include (but are not limited to) the great climate change crisis and what we know about climate change in the past to the literally earth moving ideas of plate tectonics (and the associated natural disasters). The course will involve reading of scientific literature, student-led discussions, oral presentations and research projects. Restricted to first-year students. Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

For further information, please contact the Student Affairs Coordinator (Scott Moore, Department of Earth Sciences, 22 Russell St. Earth Sciences Center, Room 1062 email: ugrad@es.utoronto.ca).

Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS205H1 - Confronting Global Change

Hours: 24L/8T

The emergence of society as a major geological force is considered in terms of the evolving debate about the consequences of human activity for the habitability of our planet. Major issues such as climate change, environmental pollution, and depletion of natural resources are examined.

Prerequisite: Completion of at least 4.0 credits
Exclusion: GLG205H1, ERS321H5, ENV200H1, EEB208H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: Living Things and Their Environment (4)

ESS223H1 - Introduction to the Geochemistry of Earth Materials

Previous Course Number: ENV233H1

Hours: 24L/24T

This course introduces students to the basic principles of geochemistry beginning with some fundamental chemical concepts concerning atoms, bonding and the periodic table. It continues with an overview of the wide ranging geochemical fields and concepts such as elemental distributions, fractionation and differentiation, and trace element cycling. The latter half of the courses leads into an introduction to basic thermodynamics as it applies to more advanced geochemical concepts found in mineralogy and petrology.

Prerequisite: MAT135H1, MAT136H1, CHM135H1
Exclusion: ENV233H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS224H1 - Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology

Hours: 24L/48P

An introduction to atomic structure, chemistry, physical properties, and geological significance of rock-forming minerals and rocks. Field techniques and core concepts to identify important minerals and rocks in hand specimens and place them into their geological context. The development of practical skills is emphasized.

Prerequisite: JEG100H1/ ESS262H1
Recommended Preparation: CHM135H1, PHY131H1, MAT135H1. For Mineral Engineering students, recommended preparation is MAT186H1 and CHE112H1.
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS234H1 - Introduction to Geological Field Methods

Previous Course Number: ESS330H1

A two-week field course in early May or late August. Students are introduced to field geology and to basic field measurement, mapping and documentation techniques (for example in the Espanola - Manitoulin Island area, west of Sudbury). Students are responsible for the cost of board and lodging and transport to and from the field area. Not eligible for CR/NCR option. Note: Enrollment is handled by the department. For registration deadlines, additional fees associated with the field course, course dates, and special registration requirements, please consult the departmental announcements or inquire with ugrad@es.utoronto.ca. Additional fee of up to $800 will apply.

Prerequisite: ESS224H1/ ESS222H1, ESS241H1, ESS262H1/ JEG100H1
Exclusion: ESS330H1, GLG340H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS241H1 - Geologic Structures and Maps

Hours: 24L/36P

Field observations, description and classification of geological structures: stratigraphic and intrusive contacts, unconformities; relative age determination; folds and fold systems; faults and fault systems; boudinage, foliations and lineations; spherical projections and mechanical principles (stress, strain, rheology). Practical work focuses on reading geological maps, constructing cross-sections, and interpreting both in terms of geological processes and histories.

Exclusion: GLG345H1, EESC37H3
Recommended Preparation: JEG100H1/ ESS262H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS245H1 - Computational Geology

Previous Course Number: ESS345H1

Hours: 24L/1T/30P

A practical introduction to programming. This course will teach an operational knowledge on how to write and execute self written computer programs. Course topics touch upon using a computer without a graphical interface, using an integrated development environment, programming, documenting, debugging, reading and writing data, graphical output, how to navigate existing documentation and internet resources, and last but not least how to effectively ask for help. Students will work individually and in small groups in an inverted classroom setting on earth science related problem sets. Previous programming experience is not required.

Prerequisite: 1.0 credit from first-year math, or physics courses except MAT193H1, MAT198H1, MAT199H1, PHY196H1, PHY197H1, PHY198H1, PHY199H1
Exclusion: ESS345H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS261H1 - Earth System Evolution

Hours: 24L/36P

Interrelationships between Earths atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere and biosphere through time; including patterns of evolution and extinction as they are related to changes at the earth's surface and recorded in the rock record. Laboratories cover major groups of fossils, their classification, use in biostratigraphy, and living analogues. NOTE: ESS261H1 and ESS262H1 may be taken in either order; and both are required for advanced courses.

Exclusion: GLG217H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS262H1 - Earth System Processes

Hours: 24L/24P

An introduction to how our planet works, focusing on physical processes that govern the nature and composition of Earth with an emphasis on the dynamic nature of the planet. Topics include surface processes (e.g., weathering and erosion, ocean and atmospheric circulation, weather and climate), crustal processes (e.g., plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanoes, biogeochemical cycles), and earth-environment interactions (e.g., natural hazards, resource development, and sustainability).

Recommended Preparation: PHY131H1/ CHM138H1/ BIO120H1. For Mineral Engineering students, recommended preparation is MAT186H1 and CHE112H1.
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS299Y1 - Research Opportunity Program

Credit course for supervised participation in faculty research project. Details at https://www.artsci.utoronto.ca/current/academics/research-opportunities/research-opportunities-program. Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

Distribution Requirements: Science

JGA305H1 - Environmental and Archaeological Geophysics

Hours: 24L/12P

Application of near-surface geophysical methods to investigate environmental and archaeological sites; in particular magnetometry, resistivity, ground-probing radar, and seismic surveys. Course will cover background on the various methods, and allow students to run field surveys and present on case studies.

Prerequisite: ESS241H1 or ANT200Y1 or GGR201H1 or PHY224H1 or PHY250H1 or PHY254H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS311H1 - Aqueous Geochemistry

Hours: 24L/24P

An introduction to aqueous environmental geochemistry emphasising the importance of chemical equilibria, mass transport, and microbiological activity in regulating the chemical composition of natural and contaminated systems.

Prerequisite: CHM135H1/ CHM151Y1, MAT135H1
Exclusion: GLG351H1
Recommended Preparation: ESS223H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS312H1 - Hydrogeology

Hours: 24L/24P

Groundwater flow, the role of groundwater in geologic processes, and physical, chemical and biological constraints on contaminant source transport and attenuation.

Prerequisite: ESS311H1
Exclusion: GLG450H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS321H1 - Mineralogy

Previous Course Number: ESS221H1

Hours: 24L/36P

Systematic mineralogy (including identification, classification, and description); physical and chemical properties of minerals; crystallography and crystal systems (symmetry, crystal structure, crystal systems); optical techniques in mineral identification.

Prerequisite: ESS224H1, ESS234H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS322H1 - Igneous Petrology

Hours: 24L/36P

An overview of the nature and origin of igneous rocks, with particular emphasis on the interpretation of textures and mineral assemblages as they reflect rock-forming processes. Topics include the physical and chemical properties of magma, origin, and evolution of different magmatic series in specific igneous/tectonic environments, geochemical and isotopic characteristics of igneous rocks, and the assimilation, fractionation & crystallization processes.

Prerequisite: ESS224H1, ESS321H1/ ESS221H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS324H1 - Advanced Geological Field Methods

Previous Course Number: ESS420H1

A two-week advanced geological mapping project in a challenging field environment. Students learn to compile existing geoscience data, create a geological map and prepare a professional final report on their activities and findings. Not eligible for CR/NCR option. For registration deadlines, additional fees associated with the field course, course dates, and special registration requirements, please consult the departmental announcements or inquire with ugrad@es.utoronto.ca. Additional fee of up to $800 will apply.

Prerequisite: ESS322H1, ESS234H1/ ESS330H1
Exclusion: ESS420H1, GLG445H1
Recommended Preparation: ESS323H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS331H1 - Sedimentation and Stratigraphy

Hours: 24L/36P

Formal principles of stratigraphy, types of stratigraphic unit, methods of dating and correlation (biostratigraphic methods, magnetostratigraphy, radiometric dating). Methods of study in surface and subsurface (outcrop measurement, elementary introduction to wireline logs, seismic methods). The principles of facies analysis; sediment transport - sedimentary structures, the flow regime, and sediment gravity flows. The carbonate factory and carbonate rock classification. Trace fossils. Laboratory exercises in understanding facies mapping, isopachs and isolith maps.

Prerequisite: ESS224H1
Exclusion: GLG360H1, ERS211H5, ERS313H5
Recommended Preparation: ESS222H1, ESS234H1/ ESS330H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS361H1 - Atmosphere-Biosphere Interact

Hours: 24L

Theory on the exchange of energy and matter (carbon, water) between the land surface and atmosphere, with a focus on the implications of ecosystem-level processes for regional micrometeorology. Examples will be taken from research on contemporary as well as palaeoclimate systems. Case studies to include how changes in vegetation type alter surface radiation balance, hydrological cycling and heat transfer in soils. There is no formal textbook for this course. Lecture material will be augmented with assigned readings from the scientific literature.

Prerequisite: 8.0 credits including 1.0 credit from: PHY131H1/ PHY132H1/ CHM135H1/ CHM136H1/ MAT135H1/ MAT136H1
Exclusion: GGR303H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: Living Things and Their Environment (4)

ESS362H1 - Oceanography

Hours: 24L/24P

An introduction to the physical, geological, chemical, and biological processes governing the world’s oceans. The course emphasizes critical thinking, environmental issues, and interrelationships among scientific disciplines.

Prerequisite: Completion of 8.0 credits
Recommended Preparation: 1.0 credit from: PHY131H1/ PHY132H1/ CHM135H1/ CHM136H1/ BIO120H1/ MAT135H1 and ESS261H1/ ESS262H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS381H1 - Special Topics in Earth Science

Hours: 24L/24P

A survey of current thinking in Earth science. Topics may include isotope geochemistry, ore genesis, or planetary remote sensing.

Prerequisite: minimum of 1.0 credits in ESS at the 200+level
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS391H1 - Directed Studies

An individual study program chosen by the student with the advice, and under the supervision, of a faculty member. Such work may involve obtaining data in the field or lab and analyzing it, an interdisciplinary research project, and supervised readings. Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

Prerequisite: Enrolment in an Earth Science program of study, completion of at least 1.0 credit of 200-level ESS courses.
Exclusion: GLG371H1
Distribution Requirements: Science

ESS392Y1 - Directed Studies

An individual study program chosen by the student with the advice, and under the supervision, of a faculty member. Such work may involve obtaining data in the field or lab and analyzing it, an interdisciplinary research project, and supervised readings. Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

Prerequisite: Enrolment in an Earth Sciences Program of Study; completion of at least 1.0 credit of 200-level ESS courses.
Exclusion: GLG372Y1
Distribution Requirements: Science

JPE395H1 - Physics of the Earth

Hours: 24L

Designed for students interested in the physics of the Earth and the planets. Study of the Earth as a unified dynamic system; determination of major internal divisions in the planet; development and evolution of the Earth's large scale surface features through plate tectonics; the age and thermal history of the planet; Earth's gravitational field and the concept of isostasy; mantle rheology and convection; Earth tides; geodetic measurement techniques, in particular modern space-based techniques.

Prerequisite: PHY132H1/ PHY152H1/ PHY180H1/ MIE100H1, MAT235Y1/ MAT237Y1/ MAT291H1/ AER210H1, PHY254H1/ PHY293H1/ MAT244H1/ MAT267H1/ MAT290H1/ MAT292H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS398H0 - Research Excursions

An instructor-supervised group project in an off-campus setting. Details at https://www.artsci.utoronto.ca/current/academics/research-opportunities/research-excursions-program. Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

Distribution Requirements: Science

ESS398Y0 - Research Excursions

An instructor-supervised group project in an off-campus setting. Details at https://www.artsci.utoronto.ca/current/academics/research-opportunities/research-excursions-program. Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

Exclusion: GLG399Y0
Distribution Requirements: Science

ESS410H1 - Field Techniques in Hydrogeochemistry

A ten-day field course in late summer at the Deep River field site designed to familiarize students in a variety of hydrogeological and biogeochemical field techniques; includes a mixture of lecture, laboratory and field exercises. Not eligible for CR/NCR option. Note: Enrollment is handled by the department. For registration deadlines, additional fees associated with the field course, course dates, and special registration requirements, please consult the departmental announcements or inquire with ugrad@es.utoronto.ca. Additional fee of up to $800 will apply.

Prerequisite: ESS311H1, ESS312H1
Exclusion: GLG448H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS423H1 - Mineral Deposits

Hours: 24L/36P

This course investigates the geochemistry, geology, and mineralogy of mineral systems. Practical skills that will be developed include identification of ore and gangue minerals in hand and polished sections as well as understanding ore systems from source to the deposit. This will be of interest to students interested in a career in mineral exploration and mining as it will lead to an increased understanding of mineral systems, skills used in mineral exploration, and how to use these to find mineral deposits. Additionally, it will be of interest to students interested environmental science as it will teach identification of ore minerals and associated minerals that are important for assessing and developing remediation techniques for acid mine drainage sites. Finally, it will be of interest to students interested in geochemistry as we will investigate high temperature reactions between fluids and wallrocks.

Prerequisite: ESS322H1/ ESS323H1
Exclusion: GLG442H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS424H1 - Metamorphic Petrology

Previous Course Number: ESS323H1

Hours: 24L/36P

This course provides a basic understanding of the formative processes of metamorphic rocks through quantitative applications of simple thermodynamic and kinetic principles. Topics include processes of heat and mass transport in orogenic belts, fluid-rock interaction in metasomatic systems, pressure-temperature-time paths of metamorphic rocks, temporospatial patterns of metamorphism through geologic time, and metamorphism in extreme conditions.

Prerequisite: ESS222H1/ ESS224H1, ESS221H1/ ESS321H1
Exclusion: ESS323H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS425H1 - Advanced Methods in the Geosciences

Hours: 24L/36P

Theory and operation of current analytical techniques applicable to geological and environmental analysis. In each lab, students receive instruction from an experienced analyst and acquire hands-on experience using state-of-the-art analytical equipment. Techniques covered include X-ray Fluorescence, X-ray Diffraction, Electron Probe Microanalysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Ion Chromatography, Atomic Absorption spectrometry, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, and Raman spectroscopy.

Prerequisite: 8.0 ESS credits
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS431H1 - Basin Analysis

Previous Course Number: ESS332H1

Hours: 24L/36P

Detailed study of each of the major sedimentary environments. Typical facies assemblages, cyclic sedimentation. Autogenic and allogenic processes. The principles of sequence stratigraphy. The history of the sequence concept; systems tracts and bounding surfaces. Sequence models. What causes sequences: mechanisms of change in base level and accommodation: – tectonism, climate change, eustatic sea-level change.

Prerequisite: ESS331H1
Exclusion: GLG430H1, ESS332H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS441H1 - Advanced Structural Geology

Hours: 24L/24P

Principles of geological mechanics: stress, strain, rheology. Faulting, folding and development of tectonic foliations and lineations. Structural analysis of fractures, folds and tectonites.

Prerequisite: ESS234H1, ESS241H1
Recommended Preparation: ESS321H1, ESS322H1, ESS323H1, ESS331H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS445H1 - Global Tectonics

Hours: 24L/24P

Exploration of physical Earth processes and their relationship to large-scale geological phenomena. Mantle convection as plate tectonic engine; intraplate/plate boundary lithospheric deformation including orogenesis and crustal subsidence. Focus on reconciling geodynamic theory/modelling with geological/geophysical observations.

Exclusion: GLG465H1
Recommended Preparation: ESS322H1, ESS332H1 & ESS441H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS450H1 - Geophysical Field Techniques

A ten-day field course in late August at the Deep River field site. Students get hands-on experience using geophysical instrumentation, applying various data collection techniques, and performing data analysis in gravity, magnetic, seismic, electrical, electromagnetic, and radar surveys. Not eligible for CR/NCR option. Note: Enrollment is handled by the department. For registration deadlines, additional fees associated with the field course, course dates, and special registration requirements, please consult the departmental announcements or inquire with ugrad@es.utoronto.ca. Additional fee of up to $800 will apply.

Recommended Preparation: JGA305H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS452H1 - Geophysical Imaging with Non-seismic Methods

Hours: 24L

Current geophysical surface and borehole methodologies (gravity, magnetics, electrical, electromagnetic, nuclear) and their theoretical basis for investigating Earth's interior to depths ranging from several metres to tens of kilometers.

Exclusion: PHY494H1
Recommended Preparation: ESS345H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS461H1 - Palaeoenvironmental Studies

Hours: 24L/24P

The use of proxy data (terrestrial and aquatic microfossils) to infer past environmental conditions. The nature and extent of Quaternary environmental change is considered in the context of assessing current issues such as acidification, metal pollution, eutrophication and global climate change. Paleoenvironmental techniques are applied in the laboratory.

Prerequisite: ESS261H1
Exclusion: GLG436H1
Recommended Preparation: ESS362H1, ENV233H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: Living Things and Their Environment (4)

ESS462H1 - Global Biogeochemical Cycles

Hours: 24L

A seminar course focusing on the exchange of matter (i.e. elements, minerals) between the Earth’s atmosphere, ocean, and biosphere. Course-related topics include global biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, silicon, iron, and zinc (amongst other elements) and will include both terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Examples and case studies will be viewed from the paleo-, contemporary and potential future global change perspectives. The overall content of course readings will be determined by student interest, as students have the freedom to choose topics (readings) of personal interest. Offered in alternate years.

Prerequisite: 10.0 credits from any of ESS/MAT/PHY/CHM/EEB/GGR, including ESS361H1/ ESS362H1/ GGR305H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS464H1 - Biological Perspectives on Earth System Evolution

Hours: 24L

A seminar course focussing on ways that the Earth's biosphere (terrestrial and marine) has altered the overall functioning of the Earth System over geological time, including (1) influence of terrestrial vegetation on surface processes such as palaeosol development, river geomorphology, erosion, and cycling of major biogeochemical nutrients on land, (2) influence of the marine biosphere on the concentration of O2 and CO2 in the atmosphere, including the origin of the stratospheric ozone layer, and (3) the interactive influence of the terrestrial and marine biosphere on atmospheric moisture transport, production of latent relative to sensible heat fluxes, and the development of the planetary boundary layer. Offered in alternate years.

Prerequisite: ESS261H1/ ESS262H1, ESS361H1/ ESS362H1/ GGR305H1 or permission of the instructor
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: Living Things and Their Environment (4)

ESS481H1 - Advanced Topics in Earth Sciences

Hours: 24L/24P

This course is offered on an irregular basis, typically in the winter term. Students are advised to consult the departmental notices with respect to course times and content, but should expect an in-depth study of modern earth science questions, for example mineralogy and material science, advanced petrology, or exploration geochemistry. Course instructors will often, but not always, be recruited from Industry. 

Prerequisite: appropriate 300-level ESS credits. Prerequisites change from year to year; consult Department for details.
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS490H1 - Geological Capstone Fieldtrip

A two-week excursion to a challenging field setting. Students will integrate field observations with their accumulated knowledge of geodynamics, structural geology, and landscape evolution to understand large-scale geological events. Not eligible for CR/NCR option. This course can be offered in any given term. Note: Enrolment is handled by the department. For registration deadlines, additional fees associated with the field course, course dates, and special registration requirements, please consult the departmental announcements or inquire with ugrad@es.utoronto.ca. Additional fee of up to $950 may apply.

Prerequisite: 12.0 credits from any Earth Science program of study requirements. Students who do not meet the prerequisite are encouraged to contact the instructor.
Exclusion: GLG420H1
Recommended Preparation: ESS221H1/ ESS224H1, ESS262H1, ESS222H1, ESS234H1, ESS331H1, ESS423H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS491H1 - Undergraduate Thesis Project

Research emphasising methods used in field and experimental work. Students must obtain the consent of an instructor and register with the undergraduate coordinator and are urged to do so toward the end of their third year. In addition to submitting a thesis, students are required to give an oral presentation of their research results to an open meeting of the department. Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

Prerequisite: Completion of the required 300-level courses, and enrollment in a relevant program and permission of the department.
Exclusion: GLG471H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

ESS492Y1 - Undergraduate Thesis Project

Research emphasising methods used in field and experimental work. Students must obtain the consent of an instructor and register with the undergraduate coordinator and are urged to do so toward the end of their third year. In addition to submitting a thesis, students are required to give an oral presentation of their research results to an open meeting of the department. Not eligible for CR/NCR option.

Prerequisite: Completion of the required 300-level courses in an appropriate program and permission of the department.
Exclusion: GLG470Y1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

JPE493H1 - Seismology

Hours: 24L

Why do earthquakes occur and how are they related to tectonic motion of the Earth's surface? What is the physics behind the propagation of seismic waves through the Earth, and how can it be used to determine the internal structures of the Earth? This introductory course is aimed at understanding the physics behind seismic wave propagation, as well as asymptotic and numerical solutions to the elastodynamic equation. Travel time and amplitude of seismic waves are discussed based on seismic ray theory, while numerical methods are introduced to obtain accurate solutions to more complex velocity structures. Seismic tomographic methods, including their applications to hydrocarbon reservoir imaging, are also covered.

Prerequisite: JPE395H1/ JGA305H1, APM346H1/ MAT351Y1
Recommended Preparation: ESS345H1
Distribution Requirements: Science
Breadth Requirements: The Physical and Mathematical Universes (5)

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