Zionism proposed changing not only Jews’ socio-political condition, but also their basic self-conception. This proposal sparked debates inside and outside the movement. Internally, Zionists of various sorts argued about priorities and practices, while, externally, ultraorthodox, Reform, and assimilationist Jews rejected Zionism on different grounds. Even after Israel’s establishment, Jews within and beyond the new state’s borders continued to debate Zionism’s purpose and primacy in Jewish life. These intense debates persist, as Jewish communities now splinter into Zionist, anti-Zionist, and post-Zionist camps and their competing assessments of Jewish history over the past 150 years. What reasons do Jews today identify as Zionist, anti-Zionist, or post-Zionist? How should Jews relate to Jewish identities that contradict their own? How should Jews’ weigh criticisms of Zionism from outside their community in assessing Zionism’s realities and possibilities? This course addresses these questions to understand better the live debates about Jews’ identity, diversity, flourishing, and future.